While it is difficult to provide a “credible number” of Russian fishing vessels involved in espionage operating in European waters, their presence is increasing. By leveraging ambiguity and dual-use capabilities, Russia blurs the line between civilian and military operations, complicating NATO’s maritime situational awareness and demanding adaptive countermeasures in an evolving security environment. The EU has recently made a step into the right direction with issuing sanctions against two major Russian fishing players. However, national governments, including those overseeing port authorities and domestic legislation, can be just as effective. “More meaningful interventions can be made at the national level because fisheries are usually a matter for the coast guard or police, depending on national laws,” Mariia argues.
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